# Style Guide

If you're reading this because you thought kappa's C++ looked different from
what you're used to — good. That's the point.

This isn't a suggestion box. It's what the codebase looks like, and it's what
your code will look like after you've rewritten it three times because the PR
reviewer sent it back. Save yourself the rewrite. Read this first.

---

## The Philosophy

We write C++ like it's the year 2026 and the committee finally shipped
something usable. No polyfills. No third-party libraries. No Boost. The
standard library is sufficient for a package manager. If you disagree, you
haven't read `<format>` closely enough.

Every line of kappa assumes the reader is competent. We don't explain what
`std::string_view` is. We don't annotate obvious control flow. Comments exist
to explain *why*, never *what*. If your code needs a comment to be
understood, the code is wrong.

Simplicity is a moral position. The scheduler is the hardest thing in this
codebase, and it's 290 lines. If your feature adds more than that, you're
building the wrong feature.

---

## Naming

### Structs, classes, enums

```cpp
// PascalCase. Always.
struct BuildResult { };
enum class TokenType : std::uint8_t { };

// Enum values are PascalCase too. This isn't Java.
enum class EnvMode : std::uint8_t { Set, Soft, Append };

// Acronyms stay capitalized. B-Tree is BTree, not Btree.
// Two-letter acronyms stay capitalized. ID, not Id.
```

Type names state what the thing *is*, not what it's *for*. `SchedResult`, not
`ResultForScheduler`. `InitPaths`, not `PathsForInitSystems`.

### Variables and functions

```cpp
// snake_case. No Hungarian notation. No m_ prefix. No s_ prefix.
int pending_deps = 0;
void compute_depths(Scheduler& s);
std::string_view token_name(TokenType type);
```

Member variables and locals look identical. If you can't tell them apart,
your functions are too long. Fix the function.

### Files

```
src/service/openrc.cpp          # snake_case, lowercase
include/kappa/service/types.hpp # .hpp for headers, .cpp for source
```

One public class per header is a myth invented by Java developers. Group
related declarations. `types.hpp` holds all enums and structs for a module.
If a module has one public struct and one public function, they go in the
same header.

---

## Formatting

### Indentation and braces

Four spaces. Attached braces (a K&R variant). 

```cpp
// ✓ yes — brace on the same line as the control structure
if (pid < 0) {
    return -1;
}

// ✗ no — Allman/BSD braces on their own line
if (pid < 0)
{
    return -1;
}

// ✗ no — missing braces on single-statement bodies
if (pid < 0) return -1;
```

Always braces. Even for single statements. The compiler doesn't care.
The human reviewing your diff at 2 AM does. clang-tidy will flag bare
bodies — apply the fix every time.

### Line length

100 columns. Not 80 — we're not teletypes. Not 120 — if you need 120
characters to express a thought, your thought is too complicated. Split it.

### Section separators

```cpp
// --- Section description ---
// or
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Longer section description spanning the full runway
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
```

Thin lines (`---`) for sub-sections within a file. Thick lines
(`-----------`) for top-level section boundaries. The difference communicates
hierarchy without nesting.

### Switch cases

```cpp
switch (is) {
case InitSystem::Systemd:
    return generate_systemd_service(spec);
case InitSystem::S6:
    return generate_s6_service(spec);
case InitSystem::Unknown:
default:
    return {};
}
```

Cases at the same indentation as the switch. No blocks around single-return
cases. Break or return in every non-fallthrough case. If you're falling
through intentionally, wrap it with `[[fallthrough]];` on a line by itself.

---

## Types

### Use `auto` when the type is obvious, explicit when it isn't

```cpp
// ✓ yes — type is obvious from initialization
auto scope = eval::make_default_scope();
auto& pkg = registry.at(name);

// ✓ yes — structured bindings, type is obvious
for (auto& [key, val] : features) { }

// ✓ yes — explicit where the type carries meaning
std::unique_lock lock(s.mtx);  // not auto lock = ...
std::uint64_t h = 14695981039346656037ULL; // not auto h = ...
```

### `const` is the default

Everything is `const` until proven mutable.

```cpp
// ✓ yes
const auto& step = plan.steps[i];
for (const auto& entry : entries) { }

// ✗ no — mutable when it shouldn't be
auto& step = plan.steps[i];
```

### View types over owning types in parameters

```cpp
// ✓ yes
void set_root(std::string_view path);
bool is_supported(std::string_view name);

// ✗ no
void set_root(const std::string& path);
```

Return owning types. Accept views. The caller decides ownership. You decide
what you need to read.

### Strong enums only

```cpp
// ✓ yes
enum class InitSystem : std::uint8_t { Systemd, OpenRC, S6 };

// ✗ no
enum InitSystem { INIT_SYSTEMD, INIT_OPENRC, INIT_S6 };
```

No unscoped enums. No ALL_CAPS enum values. No integer conversions without
explicit intent. If you need to serialize an enum to an integer, write a
`to_string` function. The enum's numeric value is an implementation detail,
not an interface.

---

## Functions

### One responsibility per function

If your function name contains the word "and", it does at least two things
and needs to be split. If the body doesn't fit on one screen, it does too
much. "One screen" means approximately 30 lines. The scheduler's
`compute_depths` is 30 lines. So is the resolver's `resolve`. They're at the
upper bound. If yours is longer, you're doing something wrong.

### Error handling: return, don't throw

```cpp
// ✓ yes
struct FetchResult {
    std::filesystem::path work_dir;
    std::string error;
    bool ok() const { return error.empty(); }
};

FetchResult fetch(const PackageDef& pkg);

// ✗ no
void fetch(const PackageDef& pkg); // throws on error
```

Exceptions are for unrecoverable programmer errors — out-of-memory, null
dereference, violated invariants. They belong in constructors and in the
parser (where `ParseError` is the only way to unwind back to diagnostics).

Every operational failure — network down, disk full, configure script failed,
hash mismatch — is a return value. A struct with `bool ok` and
`std::string error`. Check the `ok` field, read the `error` string, don't
catch exceptions for normal operation.

### Return early, return often

```cpp
// ✓ yes
if (to.empty()) {
    return {false, "destination is empty"};
}
// ... main logic ...

// ✗ no
if (!to.empty()) {
    // ... 40 lines of nesting ...
} else {
    return {false, "destination is empty"};
}
```

Guard clauses at the top. Happy path straight down the left margin. If your
code has three levels of nesting, you missed an early return opportunity.

### Static helpers over lambdas

If a helper is more than 5 lines, extract it to a file-static function above
the public API. Named functions are greppable. Named functions show up in
stack traces. Lambdas don't. The one exception is a `run_phase` lambda in
`build()` — it captures local state that would require a 5-parameter helper
and it's clearly a one-off control flow wrapper, not a reusable abstraction.

---

## Namespaces

```cpp
namespace kappa::module {

// Everything goes here.

} // namespace kappa::module
```

C++17 nested namespace syntax. Closing brace gets a comment with the
namespace name. These comments survive diffs, refactors, and editors that
collapse braces. They cost one line and save ten minutes of scrolling up to
figure out which brace closes what.

### No `using namespace` at file scope

```cpp
// ✓ yes — inside a function
namespace fs = std::filesystem;

// ✗ no — at file scope
using namespace std;
```

Namespace aliases are acceptable inside functions — `namespace fs =
std::filesystem;` is fine when the file does a lot of path manipulation. But
at file scope? No. You're not writing `using namespace std;` at the top of a
header and you're not doing the subtler version of the same sin.

---

## Headers

```cpp
#pragma once

#include "kappa/resolve/plan.hpp"
#include "kappa/dsl/ast.hpp"

#include <string>
#include <vector>

namespace kappa::build {

struct BuildResult { };

BuildResult build(const resolve::BuildStep& step,
                  const std::string& work_dir,
                  int jobs);

} // namespace kappa::build
```

`#pragma once` at the top. No include guards. This is 2026.

Project headers first, in quotes. System headers second, in angle brackets.
Blank line between the two groups. Alphabetical within each group.

Headers include only what they need to compile. If `build.hpp` uses
`resolve::BuildStep` by reference, it includes `resolve/plan.hpp`. It does
not forward-declare `BuildStep` — we don't forward-declare across module
boundaries. The include is the contract: "this module depends on that one."

Headers never contain implementation. No `inline` functions. No
template definitions in headers (we don't use templates). The one exception
is `parse_util.hpp`, which defines `ParseError` inline because it's a thin
exception wrapper and splitting it would be ceremony for ceremony's sake.
One exception per codebase is a pattern. Two is a problem.

---

## Modules

Every module follows this structure:

```
include/kappa/{module}/
├── types.hpp       # enums, structs, parse/validate declarations
├── {feature}.hpp   # public function declarations

src/{module}/
├── types.cpp       # parse/validate/describe implementations
├── backend_a.cpp   # per-variant generation (if applicable)
├── backend_b.cpp
└── install.cpp     # dispatch + orchestration (if applicable)
```

If a module doesn't need `types.hpp` (single struct, single function), both
go in `{feature}.hpp`. If a module has no backends, skip them. But don't
invent a third pattern. `service/` and `boot/` are the templates. Copy them.

---

## Strings and formatting

```cpp
// ✓ yes
auto msg = std::format("building {} (depth={})", name, depth);
result.error = std::format("command exited with code {}: {}", rc, cmd);

// ✗ no — ostringstream for trivial concatenation
std::ostringstream oss;
oss << "building " << name << " (depth=" << depth << ")";

// ✓ yes — ostringstream for incremental construction
std::ostringstream out;
out << "[Unit]\n";
out << std::format("Description={}\n", desc);
```

`std::format` for one-shot strings. `std::ostringstream` for building up
output incrementally (service files, bootloader configs, formatter output).
String concatenation with `+` is acceptable for two or three pieces.
Anything more goes through `std::format`.

### String views for parameters

```cpp
// ✓ yes
InitSystem parse_init_system(std::string_view name);
void print_error(std::ostream& os, std::string_view source,
                 SourceLocation loc, std::string_view message);

// ✗ no
InitSystem parse_init_system(const std::string& name);
```

Views everywhere, except when you need to store the string.

---

## The DSL

The `.kap` DSL grammar is the contract. You can extend it. You cannot break
existing configs. Every new token type requires:
1. An entry in `TokenType`
2. A case in `token_name()`
3. Parsing logic in the appropriate parser
4. A formatting case in `format.cpp`
5. At least one test in `test.sh` that exercises the new syntax

If you're adding a keyword, think twice. The lexer already has 29 token
types. Every new one increases parse time and mental overhead. Can this be
expressed with the existing grammar? If yes, don't add a keyword.

---

## Thread safety

The scheduler is multithreaded. If you touch shared state, you own the lock.

```cpp
{
    std::unique_lock lock(s.mtx);
    s.waiting.erase(idx);
}
// lock released here — no shared state access beyond this point
```

Use scoped locks. Never lock/unlock manually. Never hold a lock across a
condition variable wait without understanding why. If you think you need
`memory_order_release`, you probably need `memory_order_acq_rel` and you
should document why in a three-line comment above the operation.

If a data structure is touched by multiple threads, its access pattern must
be documented at the declaration site, not in a PR description. "This is
only written under the lock, read atomically elsewhere" goes in the header.

---

## What clang-tidy enforces

We run with `-Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic` and a `.clang-tidy` config. Zero
warnings. Not "zero warnings except for that one file." Zero.

The following are non-negotiable:
- Every `if`/`for`/`while` body has braces
- `auto` variables that are never modified are `const auto`
- Variables are initialized at declaration
- No unused includes
- No redundant declarations

If clang-tidy suggests a fix and you disagree, you're wrong. Apply the fix.
The only acceptable override is `// NOLINT` with a justification comment —
and if you write that more than twice in a file, the reviewer will ask you to
rethink your design.

---

## What we reject

- **Comments that narrate the code.** `// Increment counter` above `i++`
  is an insult. Delete it.

- **Dead code.** No commented-out blocks. No `#if 0`. If it's not used,
  it doesn't exist. Git remembers.

- **Premature abstraction.** Three identical lines do not need a
  function. Ten do. The threshold is somewhere in between and you should
  err on the side of duplication.

- **C heritage.** `printf`, `malloc`, `NULL`, raw `char*` strings,
  `#define` constants. The 1970s called. Don't answer.

- **Over-engineering.** The build backend doesn't need a plugin
  architecture. The lexer doesn't need a state machine framework.
  Solve the problem in front of you, not the one you imagine someone
  might have in three years.

- **Cleverness.** If your solution makes you feel smart, it's wrong.
  The best code is the code you forget about because it never breaks.

---

Kappa does one thing: build your system from source, init-agnostically.
Everything in this style guide exists to keep that codebase small, fast, and
comprehensible. If a rule conflicts with that goal, the goal wins — but
you'd better have a good reason, and you'd better write it down.